![]() ![]() ![]() The aim of this study is to identify and have a complete understanding of the reactivity towards pain via the different sensory pathways of the animals thus, the stimuli provided stem from numerous sources via the biological components of the test animals. In experimental designs, the pain behavioral studies on animals focuses on two fundamental components: the type of stimulus introduced to the animals (input) and the reaction portrayed by the animals (output). Narcotic means that the analgesics that act through CNS but do not produce an anti-inflammatory response, such as tramadol and morphine, whereas non-narcotic will act peripherally whilst producing an anti-inflammatory effect such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). Analgesics can be narcotic or non-narcotic. Here, the analgesics that refer to agents that are used to relieve pain will act through the CNS or PNS mechanism pathway without significantly affecting consciousness. Whereas the CNS that comprises of the spinal cord and brain is mainly functioning in integrating and interpreting the signals sent from the PNS, then immediately coordinating all the activities in our body. PNS composed of ganglia and nerves that located outside the brain and spinal cord, playing vital roles in connecting the CNS to our limbs and organs. Primarily, both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) are involved in all types of pain perception. These signals will be conducted in two ways, where the upward carrying sensory information from the body to the brain via the spinal cord is known as ascending, and the signals sent from the brain to the reflex organs through the spinal cord is defined as descending pathway. īriefly, there are three main events will occur in the pain mechanism due to noxious stimulation which includes transduction, transmission and modulation of the signals. ![]() The pain behavioral studies on animals are crucial to aid in defining and understanding the complete mechanism that is involved in the production of the pain perception and, thus, is essential in the development of new pharmacotherapy managements for overcoming the currently available analgesic which has become insufficient or inefficient in its role as a pain management drug due to its dose-limiting adverse effects. Unlike the polymorphic nature of pain that is often described as a sensation for us human beings, the perception of pain that occurs in animals can be examined thoroughly through their reactions in a conscious state, so to say such as in “pain-like” behavioral studies. It has been hypothesized since the 19th century that explorers in the subject of pain have identified that similar brain structures were involved in both the production of pain perception and the process of nociception as well as its associated behavioral expression. However, the process behind the production of the pain experience is a complex pathway that requires parallel integration of both the emotional and sensory experiences together with noxious perceptual information registered by multiple layers of our brain structure with the purpose of defending our body from harm’s way. Pain is an easily recognized sensation that is experienced by humans and animals alike. It is our belief that this review could significantly provide a concise idea and improve our scientists’ understanding towards pain management in future research. Thus, this review solely focused on the complete protocol that is being adapted in each behavioral study methods induced by different phlogogenic agents, the different assessment methods used for phasic, tonic and inflammatory pain studies and the proposed mechanism of action underlying each behavioral study methodology for analgesic drug profiling. However, widely the methodology is being practiced such as the tail flick/Hargreaves test and Von Frey/Randall–Selitto tests which are stimulus-evoked nociception studies, and there has rarely been a complete review of all these methodologies, their benefits and its downside coupled with the mechanism of the action that is involved. This has been explored by scientists using pain-like behavioral study methodologies in non-anesthetized animals since decades ago to characterize the analgesic profile such as centrally or peripherally acting drugs and allowing for the development of analgesics. Of course, there have been some answers to curbing of pain which is a lifesaver in numerous situations-chronic and acute pain conditions alike. This neurological mechanism pathway has been one of the most complex and comprehensive topics but there has never been an elaborate justification of the types of analgesics that used to reduce the pain sensation through which specific pathways. Pain is the most common sensation installed in us naturally which plays a vital role in defending us against severe harm.
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